University of Maiduguri - Department of History and Strategic Studies

Publications & Referencing

Academic Output and Citation Standards

Referencing Format
Academic Journal
Recent Publications

Department Referencing Format

Adopted by the Departmental Board of Examiners

Important Note: All academic writings must use this referencing format. References appear as footnotes at the bottom of each page, numbered consecutively in font size 10. Footnotes must be automatically inserted.

A. Published Books

Format: Author full name, Title in italics (Place: Publisher, Year), page(s).

i. One author:
Yakubu Mukhtar, The State in Africa: The Politics of Rigging (Sokoto: UP, 2009), p.10.
ii. Multiple authors:
Yakubu Mukhtar and Alhaji Umar Bako, The State in Africa: The Politics of Rigging (Sokoto: UP, 2009), pp.10-38.
iii. Editor(s):
a. Ibrahim Maina Waziri (ed.), The State in Africa: The Politics of Rigging (Sokoto: UP, 2009), p.10.

b. Umar H. Diram and Muhammad Kyari (eds.), The State in Africa: The Politics of Rigging (Sokoto: UP, 2009), p.10.

B. Chapters in Edited Books

Format: Author, 'Chapter title', in Editor(s) (ed./eds.), Book title (Place: Publisher, Year), page(s).

Bukar Gaji, 'The Politics of Globalization in Africa', in Hamza T. Ribadu and Alhaji Y. Babagan (eds.), The Bretton Wood and Nigeria (Ibadan: Heinemann, 2024), pp. 17-35.
Repeat citation: Gaji, 'The Politics of Globalization in Africa'.

C. Articles in Journals

Format: Author, 'Article title', Journal Name, Volume, Issue (Year), page(s).

Abdullahi Garba, 'The Scholar Warrior: El-Kanemi, the Shehu of Borno', Liwuram: Journal of the Faculty of Arts, University of Maiduguri, 23, 5 (2020), pp. 1-18.
Important: Use Ibid for immediate repeated citations. Do NOT use ibidem, op. cit, loc. cit, supra or infra.

D. Grey Sources or Literature

i. Ibrahim Alhaji Modu, 'Delineation of Constituencies in Borno State' (Working Paper, University of Maiduguri, Borno State House of Assembly, 2020).

ii. Federal Government of Nigeria, 'National Policy on Immunization' (Abuja, Federal Government Printers, 2018).

iii. Halima Baba Shehu, 'Statement by the Honorable Maruf Tunji Alausa, Minister for Education' (Abuja, Ministry of Education, 2025).

E. Theses and Dissertations

Amina Ramat Saidu, Shuwa Arab Women: Socio-Political Contribution to Nation Building in Borno State, Nigeria, 1975-2025, (University of Maiduguri, unpublished PhD thesis, 2026).

F. Newspaper, Magazine and Broadcasting Media

1. Daily Trust, 'Tinubu's Reaction to the Sahel States', 20 January 2026, p. 18.

2. Channel News, 'Nigeria to Consider US Support in Counterinsurgency', 19 January 2026, (28 January 2026).

G. Internet Sources

Hassan Jirgi, 'The Chad Basin: The threat of ISWAP and Boko Haram to Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon and Niger', 15 January 2026, International Concern, (23 January 2013).

H. Interviews

i. Interview, Musa Mandara, farmer, 67, Maiduguri, 19 January 2025.

ii. Interview, Ex-Boko Haram fighter, Ameer, 45, Sambisa forest, 15 January 2025.

References vs Bibliography

Referencing entry:
Yakubu Mukhtar and Alhaji Umar Bako, The State in Africa: The Politics of Rigging (Sokoto: UP, 2009), pp.10-38.
Bibliographical entry:
Mukhtar, Y. and Bako, A.U., The State in Africa: The Politics of Rigging (Sokoto: UP, 2009), pp.10-38.